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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "LS 1"
.TH LS 1 "2001-06-06" "perl v5.20.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
ls \- list file/directory information
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
ls [\-1RSacdfiklnrstu] [file ...]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This programs lists information about files and directories.
If it is invoked without file/directory name arguments,
it lists the contents of the current directory.  
Otherwise, \fBls\fR lists information about the files and
information about the contents of the directories (but
see \fB\-d\fR).  Furthermore, without any option arguments
\&\fBls\fR justs lists the names of files and directories.
All files are listed before all directories.
The default sort order is ascending \s-1ASCII\s0 on filename.
.SS "\s-1OPTIONS\s0"
.IX Subsection "OPTIONS"
The \s-1BSD\s0 options
\&'1ACFLRSTWacdfgiklmnopqrstux'
are recognized,
but only '1RSacdfiklnrstu' are implemented:
.IP "\-1" 4
.IX Item "-1"
List entries 1 per line (default if output is not a tty).
.IP "\-R" 4
.IX Item "-R"
Recursively list the contents of all directories, breadth-first.
.IP "\-S" 4
.IX Item "-S"
Sort descending by size.
.IP "\-a" 4
.IX Item "-a"
List all files (normally files starting with '.' are ignored).
.IP "\-c" 4
.IX Item "-c"
Sort by decending last modification time of inode.
.IP "\-d" 4
.IX Item "-d"
Do not list directory contents.
.IP "\-f" 4
.IX Item "-f"
Do not sort \*(-- list in whatever order files/directories are returned
by the directory read function.
.IP "\-i" 4
.IX Item "-i"
List file inode number.  (Doesn't mean much on non-inode systems.)
.IP "\-k" 4
.IX Item "-k"
When used with \fB\-s\fR, list file/directory size in 1024\-byte blocks.
.IP "\-l" 4
.IX Item "-l"
Long format listing of mode \*(-- # of links, owner name, group name,
size in bytes, time of last modification, and name.
.IP "\-n" 4
.IX Item "-n"
List numeric uid and gid (default on platforms without \fIgetpwuid()\fR).
.IP "\-r" 4
.IX Item "-r"
Reverse sorting order.
.IP "\-s" 4
.IX Item "-s"
List file/directory size in 512\-byte blocks.  (May not mean much
on non-Unix systems.)
.IP "\-t" 4
.IX Item "-t"
Sort by decending last modification time.
.IP "\-u" 4
.IX Item "-u"
Sort by decending last access time.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The file metadata from \fIstat()\fR is used, which may not necessarily
mean much on non-Unix systems.  Specifically, the uid, gid, inode,
and block numbers may be meaningless (or less than meaningful
at least).
.PP
The \fB\-l\fR option does not yet list the major and minor
device numbers for special files, but it does list
the value of the 'dev' field as 2 hex 16\-bit words.
Doing this properly would
probably require filesystem type probing.
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
This Perl implementation of \fIls\fR
was written by Mark Leighton Fisher of Thomson Consumer Electronics,
\&\fIfisherm@tce.com\fR.
.SH "COPYRIGHT and LICENSE"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT and LICENSE"
This program is free and open software. You may use, modify,
distribute, and sell this program (and any modified variants) in any
way you wish, provided you do not restrict others from doing the same.